Active and Passive Voice Example

Give a example of Active and Passive Voice 

Introduction 

Active and passive voice are two ways to structure sentences in English. In the active voice, the subject performs the action, making the sentence more direct. In the passive voice, the focus shifts to the action or the object receiving the action, which can be useful in different contexts.

Examples:

Present Simple Tense

• Active: She writes a letter.
• Passive: A letter is written by her.
• Active:She plays the piano.
• Passive:The piano is played by her.
• Active:They teach English.
• Passive:English is taught by them.
• Active: we play a game 
• Passive: a game is played by us.
• Active: Ram write a letter.
• Passive:a letter is written by Ram

Past Simple Tense

• Active: He built the house.
• Passive: The house was built by him.
• Active:She cooked dinner last night.
• Passive:Dinner was cooked by her last night
• Active:The teacher praised the students.
• Passive:The students were praised by the teacher.
• Active:We watched a movie yesterday.
• Passive:A movie was watched by us yesterday.
• Active:He discovered the error in the report.
• Passive:The error in the report was discovered by him.

Future Simple Tense

• Active: They will organize the event.
• Passive: The event will be organized by them.
• Active:She will clean the house tomorrow.
• Passive:The house will be cleaned by her tomorrow.
• Active:They will announce the results next week.
• Passive:The results will be announced by them next week.
• Active:The chef will prepare the meals.
• Passive:The meals will be prepared by the chef.
• Active:We will start the project soon.
• Passive:The project will be started by us soon.

Present Continuous Tense

• Active: She is painting the wall.
• Passive: The wall is being painted by her.
• Active:She is reading a novel.
• Passive:A novel is being read by her.
• Active:They are discussing the new policy.
• Passive:The new policy is being discussed by them.
• Active:The children are playing outside.
• Passive:The game is being played by the children.
• Active:We are organizing a meeting.
• Passive:A meeting is being organized by us.

Past Continuous Tense

• Active:She was writing an essay.
• Passive:An essay was being written by her.
• Active:They were preparing for the event.
• Passive:The event was being prepared for by them.
• Active:The students were studying for their exams.
• Passive:The exams were being studied for by the students.
• Active:We were waiting for the bus.
• Passive:The bus was being waited for by us.
• Active:He was fixing the car.
• Passive:The car was being fixed by him.

Present Perfect Tense

• Active: They have finished the project.
• Passive: The project has been finished by them.
• Active: They have painted the house.
• Passive: The house has been painted by them.
• Active: He has written the report.
• Passive: The report has been written by him.
• Active: We have booked the tickets.
• Passive: The tickets have been booked by us.
• Active: I have read the book.
• Passive: The book has been read by me.

Past Perfect Tense

• Active: She had completed the assignment.
• Passive: The assignment had been completed by her.
• Active: They had built the bridge.
• Passive: The bridge had been built by them.
• Active: He had cleaned the room.
• Passive: The room had been cleaned by him.
• Active: We had delivered the package.
• Passive: The package had been delivered by us.
• Active: I had solved the problem.
• Passive: The problem had been solved by me.

Future Perfect Tense

• Active: They will have launched the product.
• Passive: The product will have been launched by them.
• Active: She will have completed the task.
• Passive: The task will have been completed by her.
• Active: They will have repaired the car.
• Passive: The car will have been repaired by them.
• Active: He will have cooked dinner.
• Passive: Dinner will have been cooked by him.
• Active: I will have submitted the form.
• Passive: The form will have been submitted by me.

Conclusion:

Understanding both active and passive voice is essential for clear and effective communication. While the active voice is more direct, the passive voice helps to shift the focus onto the action itself, offering variety and flexibility in writing.

Dramatist in Indian Writing in English

  Pioneers of Indian English Drama: Lives and Works

 Or

A Comprehensive Look at Key Figures in Indian Theater

 Pre-Independence Dramatists

 Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)

Rabindranath Tagore, born in Calcutta, was a polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and Indian art. Though primarily writing in Bengali, his works were often translated into English, sometimes by Tagore himself.

Life: Born into a prominent Brahmo family, Tagore was exposed to both Indian and Western influences from an early age. He began writing poetry as a child and published his first substantial poetry collection at the age of 16. Tagore's life was marked by personal tragedies, including the deaths of his wife and two children, which deeply influenced his work.

Major Works: 

- "Chitra" (1892): Based on the Mahabharata, this play explores gender roles and identity.

- "The Post Office" (1912): A symbolic play about a child's perception of death.

- "Red Oleanders" (1924): A political allegory critiquing authoritarianism.

- "Chandalika" (1938): Addresses caste discrimination and spiritual awakening.

Tagore's plays are characterized by their lyrical quality, philosophical depth, and blend of Indian spirituality with Western dramatic techniques. He often used symbolism and allegory to address social and political issues.

 Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)

Sri Aurobindo was a philosopher, poet, and nationalist who later became a spiritual leader and developed Integral Yoga.

Life: Born in Calcutta, Aurobindo was educated in England from a young age. He returned to India in 1893 and became involved in the Indian independence movement. After a spiritual awakening in 1908, he moved to Pondicherry and focused on spiritual and philosophical pursuits.

Major Works:

- "Perseus the Deliverer" (1907): A verse drama based on Greek mythology.

- "Vasavadutta" (1915): A romantic tale set in ancient India.

- "Rodogune" (1920): A historical play set in ancient Syria.

- "The Viziers of Bassora" (1922): A romantic comedy inspired by Arabian tales.

Aurobindo's plays are notable for their poetic language, philosophical themes, and diverse cultural settings. They often explore the interplay between human aspirations and divine intervention.

 Post-Independence Dramatists

 Asif Currimbhoy (1928-2016)

Asif Currimbhoy was one of the most prolific Indian English playwrights of the post-independence era.

Life: Born in Mumbai, Currimbhoy was educated in India and the United States. He worked in the family business but devoted much of his time to writing plays that addressed contemporary Indian issues.

Major Works:

- "The Tourist Mecca" (1959): Explores the impact of tourism on Indian culture.

- "Goa" (1964): Deals with the Portuguese colonization of Goa.

- "The Hungry Ones" (1965): Addresses the Bengal famine of 1943.

- "An Experiment with Truth" (1969): A play about Mahatma Gandhi's life.

Currimbhoy's works are known for their realistic portrayal of Indian life and engagement with political and social themes. He often used historical events as a backdrop to explore contemporary issues.

Girish Karnad (1938-2019)

Girish Karnad was a playwright, actor, and director who wrote primarily in Kannada but translated his own works into English.

Life: Born in Maharashtra, Karnad grew up in a multilingual environment. He studied at Karnatak University and was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford. Karnad had a multifaceted career in theater, film, and television, both as a writer and performer.

Major Works:

- "Yayati" (1961): Based on a myth from the Mahabharata, exploring generational conflict.

- "Tughlaq" (1964): A historical play about the 14th-century Sultan of Delhi.

- "Hayavadana" (1971): Inspired by a tale from Kathasaritsagara, dealing with identity and perfection.

- "Naga-Mandala" (1988): Based on folk tales, exploring gender roles and marital relationships.

Karnad's plays are characterized by their use of history and mythology to comment on contemporary issues. He often employed traditional theatrical forms to explore modern themes.

 Mahesh Dattani (b. 1958)

Mahesh Dattani is a playwright and stage director, known for addressing contemporary urban issues in his works.

Life: Born in Bangalore, Dattani grew up in a Gujarati family. He initially worked in advertising before turning to theater full-time. Dattani founded his own theater company, Playpen, and has also worked in film and television.

Major Works:

- "Dance Like a Man" (1989): Explores gender roles and the world of Bharatanatyam dance.

- "Tara" (1990): Deals with gender discrimination and the separation of conjoined twins.

- "Final Solutions" (1993): Addresses communal tensions in India.

- "On a Muggy Night in Mumbai" (1998): One of the first Indian plays to openly discuss homosexuality.

Dattani's plays are known for their realistic dialogue, complex characters, and exploration of taboo subjects in Indian society. He often focuses on family dynamics and individual identity within the context of social pressures.

These dramatists, among others, have significantly contributed to the development and diversification of Indian English drama. Their works reflect the changing social, political, and cultural landscape of India while engaging with universal human themes. From Tagore's poetic symbolism to Dattani's contemporary realism, these playwrights have shaped Indian theater into a rich, multifaceted form of artistic expression.

Introduction of Drama

The Introduction and Development of Drama in Indian English Writing

 Ancient Roots of Indian Drama

The history of drama in India has a rich and glorious tradition that dates back to ancient times. The origins of Indian drama can be traced to the Vedic period, with early dramatic performances often depicting events from daily life, accompanied by music. These primitive performances included mock hunts where tribe members portrayed wild animals and hunters.

As time progressed, episodes from great Indian epics like The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, and The Bhagavadgita were enacted, a tradition that continues to this day, especially during festivals like Dussehra.

Sanskrit Drama

The formal beginning of Indian drama is often associated with Sanskrit plays. References to drama can be found in various ancient texts such as Patanjali's Vyakarna Mahabhashya, Vatsyayam's Kamasutra, and Panini's Ashtabhyam. The origin of Sanskrit drama dates back to around 1000 B.C.

Sanskrit drama, known as 'rupaka', was built around three primary constituents: Vastu (plot), Neta (hero), and Rasa (sentiment). The most significant work on Indian dance and drama from this period is Bharata's Natyasastra, which provides comprehensive information on the composition, production, and enjoyment of ancient drama.

Notable Sanskrit dramatists include Ashwaghosh, Bhasa, Shudraka, Kalidas, Harsha, Bhavabhuti, and others who contributed works like Mrichkatikam, Abhigyana Shakuntalam, and Uttar Ramacharitam.

Transition to Modern Drama

Sanskrit dramas were staged until approximately the 15th century. After this period, due to foreign invasions, dramatic activity in India almost ceased. However, from the 17th century onwards, various forms of Loknatya (People's Theatre) emerged in different states of India, such as Yatrakirtaniya in Bengal, Bhavai in Gujarat, and Tamasha in Maharashtra.

Rise of Modern Indian Drama

The rise of modern Indian drama can be traced to the 18th century, coinciding with the consolidation of British power in India. A significant milestone was the establishment of the 'Hindu Rangmanch' in Calcutta by Prasanna Kumar Thakur in 1831, where he staged an English translation of Bhavabhuti's Sanskrit drama Uttar Ramacharitam.

The launch of the famous Parsi Theatre in Bombay in 1852-1853 marked another important development, influencing theatrical practices across the country. Simultaneously, amateur theatre developed with the works of Bharatendu Harishchandra, who is considered the father of Hindi drama.

Indian English Drama: Early Phase

The journey of Indian English drama began with Krishna Mohan Banerji's "The Persecuted" in 1837. However, the real journey is often said to have started with Michael Madhu Sudan Dutt's "Is This Called Civilization" in 1871.

Two towering figures in early Indian English drama were Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo. Although Tagore wrote primarily in Bengali, many of his plays were translated into English. His works, including "Chitra," "The Post Office," and "The King of the Dark Chamber," were deeply rooted in Indian ethos and ethics.

Sri Aurobindo, writing directly in English, produced five complete blank verse plays and six incomplete ones. His works, such as "Perseus the Deliverer" and "Vasavadutta," dealt with diverse cultures and historical periods, showing influences from both Elizabethan drama and Sanskrit playwrights.

 Post-Independence Indian English Drama

The post-independence era saw a surge in Indian English drama. Notable playwrights of this period include:

1. Asif Currimbhoy: The most prolific playwright of this era, with over thirty plays to his credit, including "The Tourist Mecca" and "An Experiment With Truth."

2. Pratap Sharma: Known for "A Touch of Brightness" and "The Professor Has A War Cry."

3. Girish Karnad: A prominent figure who wrote in Kannada but whose works were widely translated. His plays like "Tughlaq" and "Hayavadana" blend history, myth, and contemporary reality.

4. Vijay Tendulkar: Although writing primarily in Marathi, his works were translated into English and had a significant impact. Plays like "Silence! The Court is in Session" and "Ghashiram Kotwal" dealt with societal issues and human violence.

5. Badal Sircar: A key figure in the New Theatrical Movement, Sircar created 'people's theatre' with plays like "Evam Indrajit" and "Pagla Ghoda."

6. Mahesh Dattani: The first Indian English playwright to be awarded the Sahitya Akademi award, known for plays like "Final Solutions" and "Dance Like a Man."

Women Playwrights and Feminist Theatre

The emergence of women playwrights added a new dimension to Indian English drama. Writers like Usha Ganguli and Mahasweta Devi contributed significantly, often focusing on women's issues and reinterpreting traditional myths from a feminist perspective. Mahasweta Devi's plays like "Mother of 1084" and "Water" dealt with political and social issues, particularly focusing on marginalized communities.

Innovative Voices and New Perspectives

Mohan Rakesh, though writing in Hindi, significantly influenced Indian English drama through translations of his works. His plays like "Ashadh Ka Ek Din" and "Leharon Ke Rajhansa" explore the crisis of contemporary man and human relationships, employing experimental techniques in language and theatrical elements. Mahashweta Devi emerged as a dramatist exploring challenging themes, with plays like "Mother of 1084" and "Bayen" focusing on social issues, political movements, and marginalized communities.

 Themes and Influences

Indian English drama has been characterized by its diverse themes, ranging from historical and mythological subjects to contemporary social and political issues. The plays often reflect the complexities of Indian society, dealing with topics such as colonialism, post-independence disillusionment, gender issues, caste discrimination, and the clash between tradition and modernity.

The dramatic techniques employed by Indian English playwrights show influences from both Western theatrical traditions and indigenous Indian forms. Many playwrights experimented with form and structure, blending elements from classical Sanskrit drama, folk theatre, and Western dramatic techniques.

 Conclusion

The journey of Indian English drama from its inception to the present day reflects the evolving cultural, social, and political landscape of India. It represents a unique fusion of Indian themes and sensibilities with the English language medium, creating a distinctive theatrical tradition within Indian literature. Despite challenges such as limited performance opportunities and a relatively small audience base, Indian English drama has continued to grow and evolve, making significant contributions to both Indian and world literature.

Reading comprehension

Reading Comprehension 

Here are  providing some tips to answer the comprehension passage questions of during the exam.

• Go through the entire passage thoroughly.
• Scan the passage quickly and try to find the main idea and theme on which the comprehension passage is based.
• Underline the important information in the passage.
• Now, read the question and go back to the unseen passage to find the answer.
• Avoid copy-pasting the answer from the comprehension passage. Try to frame the answer in your own words.
• To answer the vocabulary-based questions, like synonyms, antonyms, phrases, idioms etc., replace the word with the meaning. If the meaning is the same, then the answer is correct.
• To answer multiple choice questions, go through all the options and then mark the correct answer.

Example 

Paragraph 1

Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them helping drowning sailors have been common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realize that their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community, as we do. Some scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more probable that they communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these mammals be more intelligent than man? Certainly the most common argument in favor of man's superiority over them that we can kill them more easily than they can kill us is the least satisfactory. On the contrary, the more we discover about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear superior when we destroy them.

Questions

1. Why are dolphins regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea?

2. What historical accounts support the idea that dolphins help humans?

3. How has our understanding of dolphin society changed over time?

4. In what ways do dolphins care for one another within their communities?

5. What is the scientific debate regarding dolphin communication?

Paragraph 2

It was the summer of 1936. The Olympic Games were being held in Berlin. I wasn't worried about all this. I'd trained, sweated and disciplined myself for six years, with the Games in mind. While I was going over on the boat, all I could think about was taking home one or two of those gold medals; I had my eye especially on the long jump. A year before I'd set the world record of 26 feet 8½ inches. Everyone expected me to win that Olympic event hands down (without difficulty).

I was in for a surprise. When the time came for the long jump trials, I was startled (surprised) to see a tall boy hitting the pit (jumping) at almost 26 feet on his practice leaps. He turned out to be a German named Luz Long. Every German was evidently hoping that he would win the jump. I too was determined to go out there and really prove myself.

1. What event was being held in Berlin during the summer of 1936?

2. How long had the narrator trained for the Olympic Games?

3. What was the narrator's main goal during the Olympic Games?

4. What specific event was the narrator focused on winning?

5. What world record had the narrator set a year before the Olympics?

6. How did the narrator feel upon seeing the tall boy during the long jump trials?

7. Who was the tall boy competing against the narrator in the long jump?

8. What distance was the tall boy achieving in his practice leaps?

9. What were the hopes of the German spectators regarding the long jump event?

10. What was the narrator determined to prove during the long jump competition?

Paragraph 3

In July 1976, my wife Mary, son Jonathan, 6, daughter Suzanne, 7, and I set sail from Plymouth, England, round the-world voyage made 200 years earlier by Captain James Cook. For the longest time, Mary and I a 37-year-old businessman - had dreamt of sailing explorer (adventurer). For the past 16 years we had spent all our leisure time travelling in British waters.

Our boat Wavewalker, a 23 metre, 30 ton wooden-framed beauty. We had spent months fitting it out and testing it in the roughest weather.The first leg of our planned three-year, 1,05,000 kilometre journey passed pleasantly. We sailed down the west coast of Africa to Cape Town. There, before heading east, we took on two crewmen American Larry Vigil and Swiss Herb Seigler - to help us tackle one of the world's roughest seas, the southern Indian Ocean. -On our second day out of Cape Town, we began to encounter strong gales (storms). The size of the waves was alarming - metres, as high as our main up to 15 mast.

1. In which month and year did the narrator and his family set sail on their voyage?

2. What was the starting point of their round-the-world voyage?

3. Who was the famous explorer whose voyage they were retracing?

4. What were the names and ages of the narrator's children at the time of the voyage?

5. What was the name of the narrator's boat?

6. What were the dimensions and type of the boat mentioned in the paragraph?

7. How long had the narrator and his wife been dreaming of a sailing adventure?

Dialogue Writing

Introduction

Dialogue Writing is an important skill in English. It involves writing conversations between people, which helps make stories more interesting. Dialogues need to be clear and to the point. They are used in novels, stories, and plays. Always use correct punctuation, such as exclamation marks and question marks, and put dialogues in quotation marks. Plato, a famous Greek philosopher, was one of the first to use dialogue in writing.

What is Dialogue Writing in English?

Dialogue Writing is about creating conversations between characters. Good dialogue makes stories engaging and memorable. It should be short, use correct punctuation, and be easy to understand. Each speaker’s lines should be in a new paragraph. Use quotation marks to show where the dialogue begins and ends.

Tips for Writing Good Dialogues

• 1. Keep It Short: Avoid long dialogues to keep readers interested.
• 2. Use Correct Tenses: Make sure the tenses match the time of the conversation.
• 3. Keep Language Simple: Use easy-to-understand words.
• 4. Include Multiple Speakers: Dialogue must involve at least two people.
• 5. Separate Speakers: Start a new paragraph for each new speaker.
• 6. Use Proper Punctuation: Place punctuation marks inside quotation marks.
• 7. Quotation Marks: Use quotation marks to show the start and end of a dialogue.
• 8. Use Dialogue Tags: Add commas to separate dialogue from tags and reflect the speaker’s tone and personality.

Examples of Dialogues

Planning a Vacation

   Aarush: “Hi Ravish! How are you? I’ve been waiting for an hour. Where were you?”

   Ravish: “Hey! I’m fine. Sorry, I was late because of the traffic.”

   Aarush: “No problem. Clean your hands and tell me about your job.”

   Ravish: “Thanks for reminding me. I’m not happy with my job. I work a lot and don’t get paid on time.”

   Aarush: “That’s tough. I’m thinking of taking a break from this busy life.”

   Ravish: “Me too! I have an idea.”

   Aarush: “What is it? You seem excited.”

   Ravish: “We have a week off this month. Let’s plan a vacation!”

   Aarush: “Great idea! We can invite Muskan, Avi, and Tanya. A group trip sounds fun.”

   Ravish: “Yes, we can go to Shimla or Mussoorie. It’s snowing there.”

   Aarush: “Perfect! I know a friend in Shimla who can help us find a good hotel.”

   Ravish: “I’m in! Let’s plan and book soon.”

   Aarush: “Let’s call the others and organize everything.”

   Ravish: “Sounds good. See you soon.”

   Aarush: “See you!”

Choosing a Course

   Student: “Good morning, Sir. How are you?”

   Teacher: “I’m fine, thank you. How can I help you?”

   Student: “I’m deciding which course to take during the vacation.”

   Teacher: “There are many options online. Make a list and choose based on your interests.”

   Student: “I’m choosing between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science.”

   Teacher: “All are interesting, but you’ve always liked Artificial Intelligence.”

   Student: “Yes, I think it’s important for the future.”

   Teacher: “Then go for it. You can switch later if needed.”

   Student: “Great! Thanks for the advice.”

Graduation Plans

Riya: “I can’t believe we’re graduating tomorrow!”

 Jatin: “Time went by so fast. What are your plans after graduation?”

   Riya:“I got an internship at a well-known company.”

    Jatin: “That’s fantastic! It’s a great start for your career.”

   Riya: “I’m excited but a bit nervous.”

   Jatin: “You’ve worked hard. Enjoy the next steps.”

Exam Stress

Rahul: “I’m really stressed about the upcoming exams.”

   Yash: “Take a deep breath. You’ve prepared well.”

  Rahul: “I feel overwhelmed by so much material.”

   Yash: “Break it into smaller parts. It’s easier to handle.”

  Rahul: “You’re right. I’ll make a study plan.”

 Yash: “Also, remember to take breaks and take care of yourself.”

  Rahul: “Thanks for your help. I needed that.”

Planning a Birthday Party

 Ram: “I’m planning a surprise party for Shyam’s birthday.”

Raju: “That’s nice! How can I help?”

Ram: “I need help with decorations and the guest list.”

 Raju: “I’ll take care of it. We’ll make it special.”

 Ram: “Thanks! Shyam will be thrilled.”

  Raju: “Let’s start planning. It will be a great party!”

Practice Questions for Dialogue Writing

1. Write a dialogue between Manisha and her father discussing her career.

2. Write a dialogue between three friends talking about their teachers.

3. Write a dialogue between the Principal and the coordinator of Arya Public School discussing school renovations.

4. Write a dialogue between Amina and her brother about online exams.

5. Write a dialogue between Vijay and Mina discussing politics.

6. Write a dialogue between Ashu and his mother about social media.

Conclusion

Dialogue Writing helps bring conversations to life in stories. Keep dialogues short, clear, and engaging. Use proper punctuation and quotation marks to show who is speaking. Separate each speaker’s dialogue into new paragraphs to make it easy to follow.

Introduction of Novel

Introduction

Indian writing in English has made significant contributions in the field of novel writing. There have been numerous notable authors in history, including Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand, and R. K. Narayan. These are the authors who popularized and brought worldwide fame to this genre. In recent years, Indian authors of fiction have gained widespread recognition in the West. The majority have been lauded for their inventive use of English. Their works play a significant part in providing the Indian English Fiction a new image as a trendsetter. This book offers an examination of the evolution of Indian English fiction starting from its genesis to the present day.

Background of the period

This period is also compared with the Elizabethan period of English in England when new literature was born. Indian first learned to read and speak and comprehend ,and they soon started writing also… thus, The seed of Indian writing in English was sown during the period of British rule in India.

Now a days the seed blossomed into a large tree it’s ripe fruit and fragrance of flowers attracts not only Indian but also a Foreigners .Indian English literature also being chewed and digested by readers. There are many fingers who feeding this seed and made it ever green large tree. From the pamphlets to books many writing increase including the news papers many short stories… drama… and Novels started writing..

The Novel : Themes, Background and Types.

The Novel is an old form of the history of English literature. Novels was started during the time of Elizabethan age. The first English novel is Pamela by Richardson in 1740. Then the novel rapidly increase in 19th e field of English literature but ‘novel’ as a literary form is new to India. It was practically non-existance in the Indian language besides the Sanskrit novels, the first Indian novel appeared in 1864 and it is Bankimchndra chetarjee’s Rajmohan’s wife.

Background of the Novel

The urge for social reformer was an important theme in some early Indian English fiction, Matter or subject like the position of women, the decay of the old aristocracy and the plight of peasants.

The Indian English novel of the early 19th century was deeply influenced by the political, social and ideological ferment caused by the Gandhian movement. The novelists of the Gandhian age were so much preoccupied with the politics.

In those days freedom struggle, the landless poor, east west relationship. The communal problem, the plight of untouchable etc. these all very significant themes. K.S. Venkatarmani’s novel Marugan the Tiller was the first come up under this influence Bankimchandra’s first published Raj Mohan’s wife in 1864 meanwhile, Raj Laxmi Devi’s The Hindu wife was published in 1881. Besides it Kapalkundala, Vishvriksh, Anandmath, and Devi Chaudhrani and other novels appeared between 1866 to 1886.

Rabindranath Tagore was also Considerable novelist in India. Tagore achieved his first success with chokher Bali 1902. Many other his famous novels like Gora 1910, Naukadubi 1906, Gharebaire 1916, jogajog 1929 etc.,

Variety of theme and types:

•After the independence the more serious novelist has shown how the joy of freedom have been neutralized by the tragedy of Partition. The problem of choice of subject, the choice of the medium, the choice of technique, the choice of audience this problem of choice at various levels bristle with the endless difficulty.

Historical themes:

In the historical theme, novelists have depicted the rich and adventurous history and life of ancient India. Indian novelists were very well aware with the great lives and history India and they put their effort in novel with historic stories of great kings and queens. Most popular historic novels are "Ambapali", "Ajatshashtra" is the story of a dancer who has rejected the love of king and joined Buddha. A. S. P. Ayyer's "Chankya" and "Chandragupt" is also recaptured life in ancient India.

Novel on politics:

Some novelists covered the period of Second World War in India. The growing charm between the Hindu and Muslim communities and the Bengal hungers. N. S. Phadke's "Leaves in the August Wind", Novelists have also written about Gandhian Civil movement. Vankatramani's "Kandan - The Patriots" and Raja Rao's "Kanthapura" are great novels on Gandhian civil movement.

Theme of Partition:

One of the most satisfying imaginative records of the partition is Khushavant Singh's "Train to Pakistan." The whole horror is there but humanity and compassion are there too. In Balchadra Rajan's "The Dark Dancer" we also get glimpse of partition horrors.

Novel of Social Criticism:

Like the historical novels, social criticism is also important as a subject of novel, novelist took up the issues of social civilization and from society which is from a distinctive group. "The Lake of Palms" is structured of life in Bengal. T. Ramakrishna's "The Dive for Death" is woven around certain superstitions that wake cowards of the character.

These all are the various theme or subject matter of Novels. Some novels covered the second world war period in India, the growing charm between the Hindu and Muslim communities. Two of the best novels about the Gandhian civil disobedience movements in the early thirties are… K.S. Vankatrmani’s Kandan and Patriot and Raja Rao’s Kanthapura.

One of the most satisfying imaginative records of the partition is khushvant Singh’s ‘Train to Pakistan'1956 . Like the historical novels the social criticism and social protest also form a distinctive group. Ramesh chunder dutt's The lake of Palms is a study of social life in Bengal towards the close of the 19th century . T.Ramkrishna’s The dive for the Death is woven around certain superstitions.

Style and technique of Indian Novels

The Indian novelist is not usually attracted to the new techniques in plotting, narration or characterization. The stream of Conscious method of narration is hardly tried by the Indian novelist, except G.V.Desani’s all about H. Hatter. And Anita Desai’s cry the peacock and the Vices in the city.

Numberless novels are published and they are clearly of unequal quality. The best novels are not many but… there are some very good novels. Thus Indo Anglian literature continuous to grow and flourish with the great writers. There is three major novelist in pretty independence era of Indian writing in English.

(1)Mulk Raj Anand.(12dec. 1905 - 28sept. 2004)

Mulk Raj Anand was an Indian writer in English. He is admired for his novels and short stories, which have acquired the status of being classic works of modern Indian English literature.

Literary Style

Associated with communism, he used his novels to make broad attacks on various elements of India’s social structure and on British rule in India.

•Novels

-Untouchable 1935

-Two leaves and bud 1937

-The Village 1939

-Across the Black waters 1939

-The swoard and the sickle 1942

-The big Heart. 1945

-The private life of an Indian prince 1953

-The Road 1961.

He wrote autobiographies also and for the morning face 1968 he won the Sanity Academy Award. He was also recipients of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan Award.

“silent suffering and agony in Mulk Raj Annand’s Untouchable. “

- shailaja B.wadikar

(2)R.K.Narayan

Rasipuram Krishnaswami iyer Narayan swami

Narayan among the best known and most widely read Indian novelist who wrote in English and known for his works set in the fictional south Indian town of malagudi. Narayan highlights the social context and everyday life of his characters. He has been compared to William Faulkner who also created a similar fictional town and likewise explored with houmour and compassion the energy of ordinary life.

•Literary style

Narayan’s writing technique was unpretentious with a natural element of humour about it. It focused on ordinary people, reminding the reader of next door, neighbors and cousins.

Critics have considered Narayan to be the Indian Chekhov ,due to the similarities in their writings the simplicity and the gentle beauty and humour in Tragic situation. Critic have also noted that Narayan’s writings tend to be more descriptive and less analytical, the objective style, rooted in a, detached spirit, providing for a more authentic and realistic narration.

•Major Novels

-Swami and friends 1935

-The bachelor of Arts 1937

-The Dark Room 1938

-The English Teacher 1945

-Mr. Sampath 1948

-The financial experts 1952

-Waiting for Mahatma 1955

-The Guide 1958

-The Man eater of Malagudi 1961

-Talkative Man 1986

-Grandmother’s Tale 1992

In a career that spanned over sixty years Narayan received many awards and honours including the A c Benson Medal from the Royal society of literature, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma vibhushan and he also achieved India’s third and second highest Civilian Awards.

(3) Raja Rao (8nov 1908 – 8july 2006)

Raja Rao was an Indian writer of English language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in metaphysics.

•Novels

-Kanthapura 1938

-The serpent and the rope 1960

- The cat and the Shakespeare : A tale of India 1965

- Comrade Kirillov 1976

-The Chess Master and his moves 1988

The serpent and the rope a semi auto biographical Novel recounting a search for spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian prose stylist and won him the sahity Academy Award in 1964.for the entire body of his work Rao was awarded the Neustadt international Prize for literature in 1988.

Conclusion

Indian English novels have come a long way since their inception, evolving from imitative works to a distinct and mature literary tradition. Authors like Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, and Raja Rao laid the foundation for this genre, while contemporary writers like Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, and Arundhati Roy have continued to innovate and expand its boundaries. Today, Indian English literature is recognized globally, contributing significantly to the world of literature.

Personal pronouns

Introduction

Personal pronouns play a crucial role in the English language by allowing speakers and writers to refer to people, objects, and concepts without repetitively using proper nouns or names. These pronouns are versatile and efficient tools that facilitate clear communication by providing a means to indicate the person, number, gender, and case of the subject or object being discussed. This essay will delve into the four key factors that guide the use of personal pronouns—person, number, gender, and case—demonstrating how they contribute to effective communication.

Person

The concept of "person" in grammar refers to the point of view from which a sentence is written or spoken. There are three categories:

1. First-Person Pronouns: These pronouns, such as "I" and "we," refer to the speaker or writer. They are used when someone wants to express their thoughts, actions, or emotions directly. For example, "I believe in this idea" uses the first-person pronoun "I" to clearly identify the speaker as the one holding the belief.

2. Second-Person Pronouns: Pronouns like "you" are used to directly address the listener or reader. This creates an immediate connection between the speaker and the audience. For instance, "You should try this" directly involves the listener, making the statement more engaging. However, in formal writing, the use of second-person pronouns is often avoided due to its informal tone.

3. Third-Person Pronouns: These pronouns, including "he," "she," "it," and "they," refer to people or things other than the speaker and listener. Third-person pronouns are essential in narratives and descriptions where the speaker is not directly involved. For example, "She went to the store" clearly indicates that someone other than the speaker or listener performed the action.

Number: Singular and Plural

Personal pronouns also vary based on number, which indicates whether the pronoun refers to a single entity or multiple entities.

1. Singular Pronouns: Words like "I," "he," "she," and "it" are used to refer to one person or thing. Singular pronouns are vital for making clear distinctions between individuals or singular objects.

2. Plural Pronouns: Pronouns such as "we," "you" (when addressing more than one person), and "they" refer to multiple people or things. Plural pronouns are essential when discussing groups, as they simplify communication by allowing the speaker to refer to multiple entities without listing them individually.

Gender

Gender in personal pronouns refers to the pronoun's reflection of the gender of the person being referred to, or the absence of gender in the case of objects and concepts.

1. Masculine Pronouns: Pronouns like "he" and "him" are traditionally used to refer to males. These pronouns are important in contexts where the gender of the subject is known and relevant.

2. Feminine Pronouns: "She" and "her" are used to refer to females. Like masculine pronouns, feminine pronouns are essential in discussions involving known gender.

3. Neuter Pronouns: "It" is commonly used to refer to objects, concepts, or sometimes animals, indicating that the subject does not have a gender or that gender is not relevant.

4. Gender-Neutral Pronouns: The singular "they" has gained acceptance as a gender-neutral pronoun, particularly in contexts where gender is unknown or irrelevant, or when referring to individuals who do not identify strictly as male or female. This use promotes inclusivity and respect for diverse gender identities.

Case

The case of a pronoun determines its grammatical role in a sentence, whether it is the subject, object, or indicates possession.

1. Subject Pronouns: These pronouns (e.g., "I," "he," "she," "they") function as the subject of a verb, performing the action described in the sentence. For example, "They are going to the park" uses "they" as the subject performing the action.

2. Object Pronouns: Pronouns like "me," "him," "her," "us," and "them" serve as the object of a verb or preposition, indicating who or what is being acted upon. In "The teacher praised him," "him" is the object of the verb "praised."

3. Possessive Pronouns: Words such as "mine," "yours," "his," and "theirs" indicate ownership. They differ from possessive determiners (e.g., "my," "your") and stand alone to show possession, as in "This book is mine."

4. Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns (e.g., "myself," "yourself") are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same. For instance, "She prepared herself for the exam" uses "herself" to show that the subject is acting on itself. Reflexive pronouns can also be used for emphasis, as in "I did it myself."

Conclusion

Personal pronouns are indispensable tools in language, facilitating clear and effective communication by allowing speakers and writers to refer to people, objects, and concepts efficiently. Understanding the four factors—person, number, gender, and case—that govern their usage is crucial for mastering the use of personal pronouns. As language continues to evolve, so does the use of personal pronouns, reflecting broader cultural changes and the growing recognition of diverse gender identities. The proper use of personal pronouns is not only a matter of grammatical accuracy but also of cultural sensitivity and awareness, making it a vital aspect of modern communication.

Leaders in Indian Renaissance

 

Leaders of  Renaissance in India

Introduction

                                          

In the 19th century. India had lost of superstitions, blind firth, ignorance evil-customs and the cast system. People were narrow condition and conservative. The condition of woman worst. The evil curbstone like, female infanticide sari, lee-an on widow remarriage etc...........Were Reverend every where, As a result of English education those evile were supposed to be eradicate various movement for social and religious reforms were started. This reform's brought culture and religions awareness and as a result this Evert may be, consider as Indian renaissance, it is believed there it has been started by Raja ram Mohan roy.

The Influence of new Education

The perioud of 1835-1855 is consider as the perioud when the British influenced. The Indian in a layer context. This perioud also called the perioud of lord Macaulay who introduce education in English which increased as a fashion vogue day by day. This period is also compare with the Elizabethan period in England that is when a new literature was born. Indian people learning and spooking English and they soon started writing as well.

                             

 The new education system brought roped changing among people and make them similar to western. This is how people where highly effected by forging language. They made a move to wards new language and that is why Underneath Tagore who was conceded for native language went home to home and requested them not to change their Ventricular language in a crag of for-gin language.

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy / Brahmo Samaj

Rja Ram Mohan Roy had been attracted to the west he had been repelled by Hindu practices and believes. He was completely influence by Christianity. He informed " Brahma Samaj" in 1828. The samaj's works were to eradicate evil customs like " being sati, child Mirage, Dudhpiti, Dower, Remarrige" by etc... His work was continued by prince dwarrakanth tegore and them his son maharishi Evenhanded Tagore. The members of this samaj had taken seven Vows wise. To best perform to good to worship only the crater not the object to share love among the people , to perform right deeds to keep oneself away from curious deeds in mistake one should to redemption to follow the duties with great faith in god.

It is said that after raja Ram Mohan Roy, is havar chandra Vijayanagar be came the most powerful social reformer of this Samaj. There are many other reformer who contributed there affairs in this Samaj like Chandrasekhar sen, Ana and Mohegan Bose and akshay markup data.

Swami dayanand Saraswati / Aryan Samaj 

   One of the important figure swami Dayanand Saraswati was Hindu leader from the panjab and the founder of arya Samaj. This Samaj had various important leader who gave there west effect to reform the society. They tried to effect a marriage of Indian and the west to build a bridge between Hindu spirituality and christian thoughts, to again in short the best of both worlds. He wanted only a return to Hinduism in its video simplicity, clarity and spirituality also purification of souls.

To purify and to preserve Hinduism were Dayanand's cardinal objectives and to achieved this ends he organized the Arya Samaj in 1857 Praise, prarthana and Up as an a were to be the work was continued by lata HansRaj, Swami Shraddhanand and Lara lajpat Rai. It is said that the arya Samaj has remained a power ever today.

Prarthana Samaj

Some of the leader however organizes the movement for religious reforms in Rimhay and therefore prasthana Samaj which is less electric then the Brahmo Samaj and less militant then the arya Samaj Pune and Bombay work important intellectual eentre of this Samaj During the second half of the 19th century and that is why it made cosmopolitan atmosphere in Bombay. Which made it unique among the cities of India. The important leaders like Paramhansa Sabha and he laid the Prarthana Samaj in 1867 two names are vary Kashinath telang . Telang and Mahadev Govind Ranade.

Kashinath Telang

He is one of the remarkable figure of the renaissance. He is the men of vast reading . He read in English and Sanskrit and translated many books his a speaking and writing’s on regal, literary educational, social, religious and political problems were marked by simplicity and lucidify as he was as luger. He couldn’t ributed a number of advantages to Indian people so far as the literature is concern.

Mahadev Ranade

He was a poor headmaster whose discipline was Gopal Krishna Gokhale who carried forward the work of his masler. Rande was scholar, economist and who belief that the varied races of India could really fuce into the nation. His activities were many could the prarthana Samaj the phone sarvajanik sabha . The oratory an encouragement society the Indian national, congress. He taught history, Geography, English poetry , mathematics, logic and economics and contributed wrticats to the “ Indian prakash “ he was just like a prince among man.

 The Theosophical society

This society or Samaj was a western attempt to fuse with the springs of Indian spirituality it was founded al new york in 1875 by Madame Blavatsky, Ilcottand William.q.Judge later on this society shifted to madrasa in 1878 and has since functioned from there.

Indian Renaissance

  

Sri Aurobindo

Sri Aurobindo is Indian Hindu nationalist, philosopher, scholar, poet, evolutionary, yogi and guru. After a short political career in which he become one of leader of the early movement for the freedom of India from British rule, Sri Aurobindo turned to the development and practical of a new spiritual path which he called the “integral yoga”, the aim of which was further the evolution of life on Earth by establishing a high level of spiritual consciousness which he called the super mind that would represent a divine life.

Sri Aurobindo wrote prolifically in English on his spiritual philosophy and practice, on Indian culture including extensive Indian scriptures, on literature and poetry including the writing of much spiritual poetry.

Critically Analysis of ‘The Renaissance in India’ by Sri Aurobindo Ghosh.      

Introduction

In the19th century, India had lords of superstition blind faith, ignorance, evil customs, and the class system. People were narrow minded and conservative. The condition women was worst the evil customs like female infant, sati ban on widow, remarriage etc. stared. This reforms bought culture and religion awareness and as a result, this event may be considered as Indian renaissance. It is believed that Raja Rammohan Roy has started it.

   The influence of new education

          In the period of 1835-1855 considered as Indian people influence by English education. The period when the British influenced the Indian in a large context this period is called as the period of Lord Macaulay who introduced as vogue (fashion) day by day this period is also cooperated with the Elizabethan period in England that time new literature is born and Indian people start speaking and learning English. They soon start writing as well as.

         The new education system brought rapid changes among people make them similar to western. This is how people were highly affected to foreign language. The moved towards new language that is why Devendranath Tagore concern for native language. He went home to home and requested them not to change their vernacular language in craze of foreign language.

This period are called:

1. Lord Macaulay and

2. Elizabethans

How renaissance began in India

The Indian Renaissance begins with the Modern period. In addition, the modern period starts with the British domination in India. The British rule brought political unity to India, which she was lacking for centuries. It also brought with it a new and expanding religion, a different culture and civilisation, which has had enormous impact the life and mind of the people of India.

The British Impact [negative aspect]

The important fact to be note is that with its roots in a materialistic view of the universe and self-unsteadiness as well the western civilisation was incapable of reviving the spiritual culture of ancient India directly onto the floor. It will be too much to hold that a civilization. Which exaggerates bodily and mental life could directly lead to the discovery of the inner spirit of man and its immense possibilities. At best, it could give rise to condition under which the dormant creative faculty the Indian spirit could be revived.

     “This was the first time perhaps that the Indian mind was thrown off its balance. Even the devastating Muslim invasion and conquests had not produced a result of this kind.”

The British Impact (positive side)

Every “no-moon” has its positive side to show at some or others time. In addition, the impact of western thought is no exception. It gave momentum to the renaissance movement in India. English education enable Indian mind for the first time to have a closer view of western culture. Because of which the mental outlook of the educated Indian mid was broadened. Indian people now could understand and appreciate the ideological force that was the living force for the west. They also felt the direct impact of a great industrial, scientific and technical civilization, which was in a process; to change the shape of the critical and reflective attitude, and they become more conscious of the shortcomings of their own society. Moreover, they could be conscious of evils that had entered Indian society through the ages and had almost deprived it of its dynamism and creative vigour.

The Renaissance in India with defence of Indian culture

1. Essay on the volume of Indian civilisation and culture.

2. This volume consists of three series of essay and one single essay.

 1“The renaissance in India”

 2 “Indian Culture and External Influence

 3 “Is India Civilised?” and “defence of Indian Culture”. 

                

They were first published in the monthly review Array between 1918 and 1921 and 1913 and, they appeared a book under the title. The Foundations of Indian Culture.

The Renaissance in India

The renaissance was a new birth in India. It is the Fact must become a thing of immense importance both to herself and the world to herself because of all that is meant for reassign of a force that is in many respects unlike any other its genius very different from the mentality the modern idea in mankind, although not so far away perhaps from that which is preparing to govern the future.

                There is a first question whether at all there is really a renaissance in India that depends a good deal on mane by the world;

It depends also on the future for the thing itself is only in its infancy and it is too early to say to what it may lead. The shaping for itself of a new body of new philosophical, artistic, literary, cultural, political, social forms by the same soul juvenescent will, I should think, be the type of the Indian renascence,- forms not contradictory of the truths of life which the old expressed, but rather expressive of those truths restated, cured of defect completed.

Sri Aurobindo on Indian Culture

Sri Aurobondo, the hared of India, is unique in interpreting Indian culture he has distinctly advanced the thought of the age on the subject. The meaning of India’s cultural history is depended and widened in the fluent ideas and thoughts imbued in his Stung by the ignorant foreign criticism against Indian culture, Sri Aurobindo has given a new scope to the hitherto unknown world of thought. The image of Indian culture is tarnished indeed in later times but not wholly invisible, nor wholly without its power of inspiration.

       Sri Aurobindo gave as the panorama of India’s past culture history in stimulating and enlightening manner. The political westernisation was followed by a social turn of the same kind, brought consequently all Indian had been vulgarise, and anglicised in its aesthetic nations by English education and influence. The velocity of these rapid, inevitable changes did leave no time for the growth of a sound though and spiritual reflection. Nevertheless, thanks to Sri Aurobindo have forewarned effort in his writings.

      What then was the true meaning of this ancient Indian culture as elicited By Sri Aurobindo? He unfolded the mine of this culture layer so that we can recapture the essence of it. He held a mirror up to. India’s scriptures, religions, literature, social, political and cultural history reflects a comprehensive image of the tree of Indian culture.

      Right from the beginning of Vedas, Indian literature is the mental activity of so great a creative people. The early mind of Indian in its growth is represented by the four supreme productions of her genizus –

     i. The Vedas

  ii. The Upanishads and

Psychological seeds of Indian culture and the Upanishads the true expression of the highest spiritual knowledge and experience. The pure literature of the period is exposing though the two great Epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata. There was an equally opulent and richly coloured decline. Nevertheless, the decline is not to death, for it is followed by certain rejuvenation as was shown by the extraordinary flourish of Bharturihari, Kalidasa and others.

              The cloudy sky of Indian culture is silver lined by Sri Aurobindo’ promising thought. Indian will be the leader in a new would phase. The spiritual and intellectual gulf between East and west if not filled up, will at deist be bridged. There was already the influence of Geeta and Upanishads and great intellects like Schopenhauer and Remer son. The aim of Indian culture was a lasting organisation that would minimise or even eliminate the principal of struggled.

Conclusion

Sri Aurobindo Ashram and auroville as experiments of international communities as embodying the social context of the integral yoga. It is useful to ponder these possible in the ideal and life of the Sri Aurobindo ashram, whose population increased hugely during the 1940s and began to be dominated by increasing religious devotionals. In 1968, the mother took the idea of the spiritual community a step closer to the world at large with the creation of God, and international city with the aim of fostering world unity through spiritual growth in understanding and oneness. Among other things, the mother may have respond to some of the shadows of the Ashram idea in setting up this alternate social field for the practice of the same yoga. This pessimistic though realistic scenario is not, however, without its silver lining-both the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and Oroville continue to harbour personalities and possibilities capable of giving a positive expression to the social experiment that Sri Aurobindo conceived as part of his “dialogic Orientalism” and articulated in his texts and practices partner by the mother. It remains to be seen how the unstable force in these two habitation, whether in fulfilment or failure of their promise, they are able to manifest.

Ravindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore: A Pioneer in Bengali Drama

Introduction

Rabindranath Tagore, born in 1861, was not just a poet, writer, and philosopher, but also a significant figure in Bengali drama. His contribution to Bengali theatre is unique, as he developed a style that set him apart from other playwrights of his time. Despite his significant impact on literature, his approach to drama was unconventional and sometimes misunderstood.

Early Life and First Stage Experience

Tagore was born into a prominent family in Kolkata that was deeply involved in the arts. From a young age, he was exposed to literary and artistic activities, which influenced his future works. His first appearance on stage was in 1877, in a play written by his elder brother. This experience sparked his interest in theatre, and by the age of twenty, he had written and acted in his own play, "Valmiki Pratibha".

Variety of Plays

Tagore wrote a wide range of plays throughout his life, each with a different purpose, theme, and structure. His first play, 'Valmiki Pratibha', was a musical drama with minimal conflict, focused more on songs and music. Later in life, he wrote plays celebrating the seasons, like "Rituranga" and "Basanta", which were also rich in music and dance. In the 1930s, he wrote some of his most famous dance dramas, such as "Chandalika" and "Chitrangada", which combined drama, dance, and music.

Relationship with Kolkata Theatre

Tagore had a complex relationship with the professional theatres in Kolkata. While he allowed some of his plays to be staged, he generally disapproved of the way these theatres operated. He preferred a more intimate and philosophical approach to drama, which often clashed with the commercial nature of Kolkata's theatre scene.

Major Plays and Shifts in Style

Tagore's early plays, like "Raja O Rani" (1889), were popular in commercial theatres for their melodramatic content. However, his style evolved over time, and by 1910, with the play 'Raja', he began to move away from traditional dramatic structures towards more philosophical themes. This period marked the beginning of his "golden period" of plays, which were more focused on internal thoughts and emotions than on external action.

Later Plays and Legacy

One of Tagore’s most widely known plays is "Dakghar" (1912), which he wrote during the time he composed "Gitanjali", "Dakghar" is simple yet powerful, showcasing his mastery of symbolic drama. His later plays, like "Raktakarabi" (1924) and "Muktadhara" criticized the materialism of modern civilization and reflected his deep philosophical insights.

Conclusion

Rabindranath Tagore’s contributions to Bengali drama were groundbreaking, even if they were not fully appreciated during his lifetime. His plays, with their unique blend of music, dance, and philosophy, continue to inspire and challenge audiences today. Tagore’s vision for an Indian theatre rooted in traditional forms has influenced generations of playwrights and remains relevant in the world of drama.

Active and Passive Voice

 Active and Passive Voice:

Introduction 

When writing sentences, we often choose between two different structures: active voice and passive voice. Understanding these two can help us communicate more clearly and effectively. Let’s break them down into easy-to-understand steps.

I swim in the ocean. – 

I is the subject

swim is the verb

 ocean is the object.

My mom plays violin. – 

My mom is the subject, 

plays is the verb, 

violin is the object.

Defination 

Active voice: When a subject is directly acting on the object, the sentence is written in Active voice.

Passive voice: When the object is acted upon by the subject, the sentence is written in Passive voice.

In both the above sentences, the meaning remains the same and only the structure is what that changes. Usually, the structure or sequence of the subject, verb, and object expressed in the active voice sentence gets reversed in the passive voice of the same sentence. To understand the difference, just focus on how the subject and object change the structure of the sentences in the table below:

Active Voice Passive Voice

Active:-I ate an apple

Passive:-An apple was eaten by me

Now you must have gotten some idea of how the active and passive voice sentences look like.  From one voice to another voice is really simple when you know a few rules that we will chalk out for you here:

Structure of Active and Passive voice:

Active voice: Subject + Verb + Object

Passive voice: Object + Verb + Subject

How to Change from Active to Passive Voice

Changing a sentence from active to passive voice is simple once you know the basic rules

1. Switch the subject and object: The subject of the active sentence becomes the object in the passive sentence, and the object becomes the subject.

Active voice: She bought a new car. (She is the subject and a new car is an object.)

Passive voice: A new car was bought by her. (A new car is a subject and her is the object.)

2. Change the verb to its past participle form: In passive voice, the main verb is always in its third form (past participle).

First form  Second form   Third form

Buy                   Bought          Bought

Sing                   sang                sung

Grow.                grew               grown

Active voice: Bhaanu wrote a book on gun violence.

Passive voice: A book on gun violence was written by Bhaanu.

3. Use the word “by” before the subject in the passive sentence. For example:

Active voice: My brother sang a song.

Passive voice: A song was sung by my brother.

4. Use a form of "to be" (am,is,are, was, were,have,has,had) According to tenses.

Present tense–

Active voice: I drinks a water.

Passive voice: A water is drank by me.

Past tense–

Active voice: She walked my dog home.

Passive voice: My dog was walked home by her.

Future tense–

Active voice: Sheena will do the craft work.

Passive voice: Craft work will be done by Sheena.

5. Words like “with” or “to” are also used in passive voice. You may recall that we use “by” quite frequently in an active voice to passive voice conversion.

Active voice: I know her.

Passive voice: She is known to me.

Active voice: Love fills my heart.

Passive voice: My heart is filled with love.

6.Use a word "being" while converting continue tense sentence into passive.

Active voice: I am giving a pen.

Passive voice: A pen is being given by me.

7.Use a words "been" while converting perfect tense sentence into passive.

Active voice:I have helped his father 

Passive voice: His father have been helped by me.

8. Change pronouns as needed:Pronouns also change when converting from active to passive

I- me

We-use

He- him

She- her

They-them

Example of all tenses 

Conclusion

Understanding and using active and passive voice correctly is essential for clear communication. While active voice is more direct and preferred in most cases, passive voice can be useful when you want to emphasize the action or when the doer of the action is not important. By following the simple rules outlined above, you can easily switch between active and passive voice in your writing.

Thank you 😊